المُخبر الاقتصادي+ | كيف تحكم ثلاث شركات خاصة العالم؟ كيف يمكنهما تدمير أي دولة؟

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shahid
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موديز وإس آند بي وفيتش يشكلون أقوى احتكار في العالم!.. كيف تتحكم وكالات التصنيف الائتماني الأمريكية في قدرة الدول على الاقتراض؟
مصادر المُخبر:
https://www.wiley.com/en-ie/The+Rating+Agencies+and+Their+Credit+Ratings:+What+They+Are,+How+They+Work,+and+Why+They+are+Relevant-p-9780470018002
https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/22/opinion/foreign-affairs-don-t-mess-with-moody-s.html
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4615-0999-8
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-idUSTRE6400PJ20100502
https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jan/14/moodys-864m-penalty-for-ratings-in-run-up-to-2008-financial-crisis
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/06/business/us-debt-downgraded-by-sp.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/business/behind-sps-downgrade-a-committee-that-acts-in-private.html
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/s-amp-p-s-powerful-chief-steps-out-of-the-shadows-2333592.html
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2022/07/04/how-rating-agencies-could-support-african-governments-in-overcoming-debt-crises/
https://www.ft.com/content/1ab41f68-7e30-11ea-82f6-150830b3b99a
https://data.one.org/topics/official-development-assistance/
https://www.undp.org/africa/publications/lowering-cost-borrowing-africa-role-sovereign-credit-ratings
https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/05/25/african-governments-say-credit-rating-agencies-are-biased-against-them
https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-Investor-Fears-Over-Greek-Government-Liquidity-Misplaced--PR_191285
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/30/business/ratings-firms-misread-signs-of-greek-woes.html
https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/bond-rating-agencies

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